UCVM 13.9.0 User Guide

Overview

Released on September 8th, 2013, UCVM 13.9.0 represents the second major release of the Unified Community Velocity Model (UCVM) framework. UCVM is a collection of software utilities that are designed to make querying velocity models, building meshes, and visualizing velocity models easier to do through a uniform software interface. UCVM has been used extensively to generate meshes and e-trees that are then used for 3D wave propagation simulations within California.

The full feature list is as follows:

• Seamlessly combine two or more models into a composite model for querying
• Optionally include a California statewide geotechnical layer and interpolate it with the crustal velocity models
• Extract a 3D mesh or CVM Etree (octree) of material properties from any combination of models
• Standard California statewide elevation and Vs30 data map is provided
• Miscellaneous tools are provided for creating 2D etree maps, and optimizing etrees
• Numerically smooth discontinuities at the interfaces between different regional models
• Add support for future velocity models with the extendable interface

Currently, we support CVM-S4, CVM-H 11.9.1, CVM-S4.23, CenCal 0.8.0, and the Hadley-Kanamori as part of our automated installation package. Other models, such as SCEC CVM-NCI, Magistrale WFCVM, Graves Cape Mendocino, Lin-Thurber Statewide, and Tape SoCal are supported, however they will require a manual installation. We have also tested and include support for three major high-performance computing resources: NICS Kraken, TACC Stampede, and NCSA Blue Waters. It should work with other HPC machines as well.

The API itself is written entirely in C. We will show how to query UCVM through both C and Fortran in this user guide.

Finally, UCVM requires either Linux or OS X, GCC 4.3+, Python 2.5+, and an active internet connection to download and retrieve the models. For parallel mesh or e-tree extraction, the MPI libraries are also required. If you are installing UCVM on OS X, you must have the OS X Developer Tools (Xcode and Command Line Tools) and you must also have gfortran installed.

Installation Instructions

Easy Method

If you are installing UCVM on Linux or OS X and only need CVM-S4, CVM-H 11.9.1, CVM-S4.23, and/or CenCal, we strongly recommend following the easy installation method. Simply download UCVM 13.9.0 and run the following commands:

tar zxvf ucvm-13.9.0.tar.gz
cd ./UCVM
./ucvm_setup.py


You will then be asked a series of questions:

It looks like you are installing UCVM for the first time.
Where would you like UCVM to be installed?
(Default: /your/home/dir)>
Enter path or blank to use default:


Hit enter to use the default path or type your own. On high-performance computing resources you must change this path to be in the scratch or work directory so that UCVM can be seen by the compute nodes.

You will then be asked which models you'd like to download, such as:

Would you like to download and install CVM-S4?
Enter yes or no:


Enter "yes" (without quotation marks) or "no" if you would like to download this model or not.

After answering a few of these questions, UCVM will then begin the process of downloading and building the models you have requested. When the process is completed, you will be advised on how to test to verify that your installation is working and also any modifications that may be needed to your ~/.bash_profile.

Custom Method

Please see this page on how to install UCVM with models other than CVM-S4, CVM-H, CVM-S4.23, and CenCal.

Configuration Files

UCVM Main Configuration Format (conf/ucvm.conf)

The main UCVM configuration file, conf/ucvm.conf, specifies the velocity models that have been installed and registered with UCVM. An example configuration file is as follows:

# UCVM config file

# UCVM model path
#
# Change to reflect UCVM installation directory.
#
ucvm_interface=map_etree
ucvm_mappath=/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/model/ucvm/ucvm.e


# Pre-defined models
#
# SCEC CVM-S
cvms_modelpath=/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/model/cvms4/src
#
# SCEC CVM-H
cvmh_modelpath=/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/model/cvmh1191/model
#
# USGS Bay Area high-rez and extended etrees
cencal_modelpath=/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/model/cencal/USGSBayAreaVM-08.3.0.etree
cencal_extmodelpath=/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/model/cencal/USGSBayAreaVMExt-08.3.0.etree
#
# SCEC CVM-SI
cvmsi_modelpath=/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/model/cvms423/model/i23
#
# SCEC CVM-NCI
cvmnci_modelpath=/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/cvmnci/model/i2
#
# Wasatch Front CVM
wfcvm_modelpath=/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/wfcvm/src
#
# Lin-Thurber Statewide
cvmlt_modelpath=/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/cvmlt/model
#
# Cape Mendocino RG
cmrg_modelpath=/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/model/cmrg.conf
#
# Tape SoCal Model
tape_modelpath=/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/cvm-tape/model/m16
#
# 1D
1d_modelpath=/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/model/1d/1d.conf
#
# 1D GTL
1dgtl_modelpath=/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/model/1d/1d.conf


# User-defined models
#
# Change to reflect paths to user model files
#
# Current supported interfaces: model_etree, model_patch
#
#user1_interface=model_etree
#user1_modelpath=/home/username/model_etree/user1.etree
#user2_interface=model_patch
#user2_modelpath=/home/username/model_patch/user2.conf


# User-defined maps
#
# Change to reflect paths to user map files
#
# Current supported interfaces: map_etree
#
# Optional Yong-Wald vs30 map
yong_interface=map_etree
yong_mappath=/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/model/ucvm/ucvm_yong_wald.e


# Model flags
#
cvmh_param=USE_1D_BKG,True
cvmh_param=USE_GTL,True

The first two lines specify the location and type of the DEM and Vs30 data:

ucvm_interface=map_etree
ucvm_mappath=/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/model/ucvm/ucvm.e

The file, ucvm.e, contains USGS NED 1 arcsec DEM and Wills-Wald Vs30 data. An alternate file, ucvm_yong_wald.e, is also available. It contains USGS NED 1 arcsec DEM and Yong-Wald Vs30 data.

Single Core Command Reference

basin_query

The command basin_query allows you to retrieve the depth at which vs-threshold is first crossed. By default, vs-threshold is set to be 1000m/s, but that can easily be changed with the "-v" flag.

Example usage:

./basin_query ../conf/ucvm.conf -m cvms -v 2500

ecoalesce

The command ecoalesce helps compact an e-tree file that conforms either to CMU or SCEC standards. It does this by replacing eight adjacent octants with identical material properties at level N with a single octant containing the same material properties at level N-1. Usually, this command is run with ecompact as well.

Example usage:

./ecoalesce chino_hills.etree compacted_chino_hills.etree

ecompact

The command ecompact helps compact an e-tree file that conforms either to CMU or SCEC standards. It does this by removing empty space in the Etree data structure. Usually, this command is run with ecoalesce as well.

Example usage:

./ecompact chino_hills.etree compacted_chino_hills.etree

grd_query

The command grd_query queries data from a set of ArcGIS grid files in GridFloat format.

grd2etree

The command grd2etree extracts a SCEC-formatted Etree map from a set of DEM and Vs30 grid files in ArcGIS Gridfloat format.

Example usage:

./grd2etree -f ./grd2float_sample.conf

mesh-check

The command mesh-check does a basic quality assurance check of a mesh file. It checks to make sure that each record in the file is of the correct size. Furthermore, it checks to make sure that each value is not NaN, infinity, or negative.

Example usage:

./mesh-check new_mesh.mesh IJK-12

mesh-op

The command mesh-op subtracts a mesh from another mesh and outputs the difference.

Example usage:

./mesh-op diff ./inmesh1 ./inmesh2 IJK-12 ./outmesh

mesh-strip-ijk

The command mesh-strip-ijk converts an IJK-20 or IJK-32 mesh to an IJK-12 formatted mesh.

Example usage:

./mesh-strip-ijk ijk20_mesh IJK-20 output_mesh

ucvm_query

This is the command-line tool for querying CVMs. Any set of crustal and GTL velocity models may be selected and queried in order of preference. Points may be queried by (lon,lat,dep) or (lon,lat,elev) and the coordinate conversions for a particular model are handled transparently. A configuration file needs to be passed to ucvm_query. Typically, this would be /path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/conf/ucvm.conf.

Example usage:

./ucvm_query -f ../conf/ucvm.conf -m cvms < ../tests/cvms_input.txt
Using Geo Depth coordinates as default mode.
-118.0000 34.0000 0.000 280.896 390.000 cvms 696.491 213.000 1974.976 none 0.000 0.000 0.000 crust 696.491 213.000 1974.976

ucvm2etree

The command ucvm2etree builds an e-tree from the specifications in a given configuration file, config.

Note that this is the serial version of the command, meaning that it will only run on a single process. As such, building a large e-tree can be very slow. For large e-trees, we strongly recommend using ucvm2etree-extract-MPI, ucvm2etree-sort-MPI, and ucvm2etree-merge-MPI.

Example usage:

./ucvm2etree -f ./ucvm2etree_example.conf

ucvm2mesh

The command ucvm2mesh generates a mesh in either IJK-12, IJK-20, IJK-32, or SORD format. It does so by reading in the specifications in a given configuration file, config.

This mesh can then be used in forward 3D wave propagation simulation software such as AWP-ODC.

Example usage:

./ucvm2mesh -f ./ucvm2mesh_example.conf

MPI Command Reference

ucvm2etree-extract-MPI

Notice: This command is intended to be run as a MPI job (e.g. mpirun ./ucvm-extract-MPI). Please do not attempt to run it as a regular process.

The command ucvm2etree-extract-MPI extracts components of an e-tree from the specifications in a given configuration file, config.

Specifically, it divides the etree region into C columns for extraction. This is an embarrassingly parallel operation. A dispatcher (rank 0) farms out each column to a worker in a pool of N cores for extraction. Each worker queries UCVM for the points in its column and writes a flat-file formatted etree. After program execution, there are N sub-etree files, each locally unsorted. The extractor must be run on 2^Y + 1 cores where Y>0 and (2^Y) < C. The output flat file format is a list of octants (24 byte addr, 16 byte key, 12 byte payload) in arbitrary Z-order.

Since the number of points in a column depends on the minimum Vs values within that column, some columns will have high octant counts and others will have very low octant counts. Having sub-etrees that vary greatly in size is not optimal for the sorting operations that follow, so ucvm2etree-extract-MPI implements a simple octant balancing mechanism. When a worker has extracted more than X octants (the default 16M octants), it reports to the dispatcher that it cannot extract any more columns and terminates. This strategy approximately balances the sub-etrees so that they may be loaded into memory by ucvm2etree-sort-MPI. In the case of very large extractions where the dispatcher reports that all workers have reported they are full yet columns remain to be extracted, increase the job size by a factor of 2 until there is room for all the columns.

You would typically run this command, followed by ucvm2etree-sort-MPI and ucvm2etree-merge-MPI.

mpirun -np 769 ucvm2etree-extract-MPI -f ./ucvm2etree_example.conf

ucvm2etree-sort-MPI

Notice: This command is intended to be run as a MPI job (e.g. mpirun ./ucvm-sort-MPI). Please do not attempt to run it as a regular process.

The command ucvm2etree-sort-MPI sorts the extracted components of an e-tree from the ucvm2etree-extract-MPI command. It does so by reading in the specifications in a given configuration file, config.

Specifically, it sorts the sub-etrees produced by ucvm2etree-extract-MPI so that each file is in local pre-order (Z-order). Again, the is an embarrassingly parallel operation. Each rank in the job reads in one of the sub-etrees produced by the previous program, sorts the octants in Z-order, and writes the sorted octants to a new sub-etree. The sorter must be run on 2^Y cores where Y>0. The worker pool must be large enough to allow each worker to load all the octants from its assigned file into memory. By default, this octant limit is 20M octants. If a rank reports that the size of the sub-etree exceeds memory capacity, the 20M buffer size constant may be increased if memory allows, or alternatively, cvm-bycols-extract-MPI may be rerun with a larger job size to reduce the number of octants per file.

You would typically run this command after ucvm2etree-extract-MPI and before ucvm2etree-merge-MPI.

mpirun -np 769 ucvm2etree-sort-MPI -f ./ucvm2etree_example.conf

ucvm2etree-merge-MPI

Notice: This command is intended to be run as a MPI job (e.g. mpirun ./ucvm-merge-MPI). Please do not attempt to run it as a regular process.

The command ucvm2etree-merge-MPI merges the sorted components of an e-tree from the ucvm2etree-sort-MPI command. It does so by reading in the specifications in a given configuration file, config.

Specifically, it merges N locally sorted etrees in flat file format into a final, compacted etree. This is essentially a merge sort on the keys from the addresses read from the local files. The cores at the lowest level of the merge tree each read in octants from two flat files in pre-order, merge sort the two sets of addresses, then pass the locally sorted list of addresses to a parent node for additional merging. This proceeds until the points rise to rank 1 which has a completely sorted list of etree addresses. Rank 0 takes this sorted list and performs a transactional append on the final Etree.

The merger must be run on 2^N cores. The program reads in input files that are in flat file format. It can output a merged Etree in either Etree format or flat file format. Although, due to space considerations, it strips the output flat file format to a pre-order list ot octants(16 byte key, 12 byte pay-load). The missing addr field is redundant and can be regenerated from the key field.

You would typically run this command after ucvm2etree-extract-MPI and ucvm2etree-merge-MPI.

Example usage:

mpirun -np 768 ucvm2etree-merge-MPI -f ./ucvm2etree_example.conf

ucvm2mesh-mpi

Notice: ucvm2mesh-mpi is meant to be run as a MPI job, not as a standalone executable.

The command ucvm2mesh-mpi generates a mesh in either IJK-12, IJK-20, IJK-32, or SORD format. Unlike its serial version, ucvm2mesh this command can use multiple cores to generate the mesh. It does so by reading in the specifications in a given configuration file.

This mesh can then be used in forward 3D wave propagation simulation software such as AWP-ODC.

mpirun -np 768 ucvm2mesh-mpi -f ./ucvm2mesh_example.conf

Troubleshooting

Shared Library Paths

If you see an error similar to the following while running either the tests or the UCVM programs:

error while loading shared libraries: libsomelib.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

This indicates that UCVM was linked against one or more shared libraries and the dynamic library loader cannot find the actual .so library at run-time. The solution is to update your LD_LIBRARY_PATH to include the directory containing the library mentioned in the error message. For example, the following command adds a new search directory to LD_LIBRARY_PATH in a csh shell:

$ setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH /home/USER/opt/somepkg/lib:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}

By default, the ucvm_setup.py script uses static libraries. UCVM is only compiled dynamically if you pass ucvm_setup.py the "-d" option or if your system does not support static linking.

Proj. 4 Error: major axis or radius = 0 or not given

On systems with home filesystems that are not viewable to compute nodes (such as NICS Kraken), you may encounter errors with Proj.4 when trying to run any component of UCVM on compute nodes. This is due to the fact that Proj.4 actually relies on a file called proj_defs.dat which is located in the ${MAKE_INSTALL_LOCATION}/share/proj directory. So for example, suppose you had configured Proj.4 with ./configure --prefix=/not_viewable_to_compute_nodes/proj-4.7.0, Proj. 4 would then search for proj_defs.dat in /not_viewable_to_compute_nodes/proj-4.7.0/share/proj/proj_defs.dat. This will cause UCVM to throw the error "Proj.4 Error: major axis or radius = 0 or not given" and your job will fail.

The only way it seems to solve this issue is to actually make sure your --prefix directory is actually visible to the compute nodes and do a make install there. Documentation suggests that you can set the PROJ_LIB environment variable, however this seems to not work correctly without modifications to the Proj.4 source code.

API Examples

C

Calling UCVM from C code is relatively trivial. Minimally, you need the UCVM library as well as "ucvm.h".

Fortran

Calling UCVM using Fortran is a relatively trivial procedure. After you have installed UCVM as per this user guide, you must include the UCVM library, the Proj.4 library, the e-tree library, as well as any velocity model libraries that you have compiled into UCVM. For CVM-H, please note that there are actually two libraries required: lvxapi and lgeo. Because the default convention for calling C programs from Fortran automatically appends an underscore to the end of the function name, you must turn that off via a flag called "fno-underscoring". This will make the Fortran compiler try and find foo() instead of foo_().
As an example, suppose we have a Fortran file, example.f, that calls UCVM. We have compiled UCVM with CVM-S and CVM-H. The code to compile example.f would be as follows:

gfortran example.f -o ./example -L/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/lib -L./path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/model/cvms4/lib -L/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/model/cvmh1191/lib -L/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/lib/proj-4/lib -L/path/to/ucvm-13.9.0/lib/euclid3/libsrc -lucvm -lcvms -lvxapi -lgeo -lproj -letree -fno-underscoring

The basic structure of how to call UCVM within Fortran is outlined in the example below.

Example.f

                program example
         
        c       UCVM Configuration Location
                CHARACTER(LEN=80) ucvmconf
        c       Model Name
                CHARACTER(LEN=4) model 
        c       Number of points we're passing to ucvm_query
                INTEGER pts      
         
        c       The UCVM point data structure. 
        c       coord(1) is longitude
        c       coord(2) is latitutde
        c       coord(3) is depth
                TYPE :: ucvm_point_t
                       REAL*8 coord(3)
                END TYPE ucvm_point_t
         
        c       Generic property structure
        c       Source is where it comes from
        c       vp is P-wave velocity in m/s
        c       vs is S-wave velocity in m/s
        c       rho is density in kg/m^3
                TYPE :: ucvm_prop_t
                        INTEGER source
                        REAL*8 vp
                        REAL*8 vs
                        REAL*8 rho
                END TYPE ucvm_prop_t
         
        c       Returned data structure
                TYPE :: ucvm_data_t
                        REAL*8 surf
                        REAL*8 vs30
                        REAL*8 depth
                        INTEGER domain
                        REAL*8 shift_cr
                        REAL*8 shift_gtl
                        type(ucvm_prop_t) crust
                        type(ucvm_prop_t) gtl
                        type(ucvm_prop_t) cmb
                END TYPE ucvm_data_t
         
        c       For our example we'll query five points
                type(ucvm_point_t) point(5)
        c       And we'll get back five sets of material properties
                type(ucvm_data_t) returnData(5)
         
        c       Number of points is 5.
                pts = 5
         
        c       We'll start at -118, 34 at 0 depth and go down by 1000m
        c       each step
                do 10 i = 1, 5
                        point(i)%coord(1) = -118
                        point(i)%coord(2) = 34
                        point(i)%coord(3) = (i - 1) * 1000
        10      continue
         
        c       Where is our configuration file?
                ucvmconf = "/home/scec-01/davidgil/ucvm.conf" // CHAR(0)
         
        c       What model are we querying?
                model = "cvms"
         
        c       Initialize UCVM
                call ucvm_init(ucvmconf)
         
        c       Add the model to UCVM
                call ucvm_add_model(model)
         
        c       Query the model. Note that the number of points is passed
        c       by value, not reference.
                call ucvm_query(%VAL(pts), point, returnData)
         
                print *, model, " results for lon -118, lat 34"
         
        c       Print out the results.
                do 20 i = 1, 5
                        print *, "Depth ", (i - 1) * 1000
                        print *, "Vs ", returnData(i)%crust%vs 
                        print *, "Vp ", returnData(i)%crust%vp 
                        print *, "Rho ", returnData(i)%crust%rho
        20      continue
         
        c       Close UCVM now that we've queried the points 
                call ucvm_finalize()
         
                end

GCC Fortran 4.3+ is required for this example to work.